how to avoid deforestation?. Some experts economic perspective, have been proposed to be paid a sum of money to owners of forest land for non-removable. It is assumed that these payments, called "payments for environmental services" (or PSA), allow farmers think twice before removing their land and eventually decided to keep it covered with forests or jungles, in exchange for continued PSA. This idea is present in the Kyoto Protocol United Nations on Climate Change, prepared in November 1997. According to the protocol, each country would be entitled to emit certain amounts of greenhouse gases. If you need to deliver greater amounts, they should lower their energy consumption cleaner or pay for other countries to cut emissions, for example, through reforestation and the PSA. The payment to farmers by country or not removed, would be one of the measures which could eventually reduce by one third the emissions of greenhouse gases. Countries polluters pay and forest countries would use the money in PES.
However, studies show that deforestation has more to do with the way they are inserted forest landowners markets call into question the effectiveness of PSA. From this perspective, the issue is not indefinitely pay tips to farmers for doing nothing in their forests, but market forces will not wreak havoc on forest ecosystems, the culture has little to do with the intentions of individual farmers by removal or not.
In this regard, Nobel laureate economist Joseph Stiglitz, believes that after the Copenhagen conference on climate change has become clear that world leaders could not translate into action the rhetoric about global warming. For Stiglitz, the real failure was that there was no agreement on how to achieve the huge task of saving the planet, or about carbon emission reductions, or how to share the burden and help developing countries.
This failure of politicians, made the price of emissions allowances in the Emissions Trading System of the European Union fell, reducing incentives to reduce emissions now and to implement innovations that reduce in the future.
Stiglitz suggests that perhaps the time to try another approach: a commitment by each country to raise the price of emissions (through a carbon tax or emission limits) to an agreed level, say , $ 80 per tonne. This should not involve tax increases, but a relief from other items on the currently paid contributions and the creation of a strong tax pollution. Ideler, net income for the taxpayer, should be that the tax burden is not increased. Developed countries could use part of the revenues to meet its obligations to help developing countries in terms of adaptation to climate change and compensate them for maintaining forests, which represent a global public good because "sequester" carbon.
A system of border taxes, which would apply to imports from countries where firms do not pay adequately for carbon emissions would level the playing field and would provide economic and political incentives for countries to adopt carbon taxes or emission limits. That, in turn, would provide incentives economical for companies to reduce their emissions.
In the case of forests and jungles of Mexico, Stiglitz's proposal has clear implications: should use the money currently being spent on the PES, not to give tips for doing nothing, but to provide technical support and institutional strengthening of producer organizations and impose a strong gasoline and other fossil fuels to finance forms "virtuous" insertion of those organizations strengthened and trained to international markets, taking direct and active measures against the spread of livestock, movement of natural forests by plantations or agricultural crops -industry and for organic agriculture intensive areas suitable for this activity.
Could something like this in Mexico?
References:
Kyoto Protocol
Ruth DeFries, Thomas Rudel, Maria Uriarte and Matthew Hansen: Deforestation Population Growth driven by urban and agricultural trade in the twenty-first century , Nature Geoscience 3, 178-181 (2010) Joseph E.
Stiglitz: Overcoming the Copenhagen Failure . 01/06/2010
project-syndicate
MC Francisco Chapela
Executive Director Rural Studies and Advisory
http://era-mx.org
phone in Mexico City: +52 (55) 8421 8441 phone
Oaxaca City: +52 (951) 517 7294
skype: f_chapela
Johann von 
0 comments:
Post a Comment