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evil causes of deforestation for the Yucatan Peninsula

From: "Francisco Chapela"

Ladies and

:

I invite you to contribute their views and ideas on the causes of deforestation.

In 2008, Edward Ellis of the University Veracruzana CITRO and Luciana Porter-Bolland, Institute of Ecology, conducted an analysis of deforestation in protected areas (The Mountain, Hopelchén, Campeche) and in areas under community conservation in the Maya area north of Quintana Roo. Can get the research report clicking here or visiting http://dl.dropbox.com/u/2832046/0deforestacion/Ellis-community% 20forests% 20and% 20PAs% 20Yucatan.pdf

the case of The Mountain, study finds has been in the past (1988-2000) a clear process of deforestation at a rate of -0.3%, which is accentuated in recent years (2000-2005) up to -0.7%. Although one would think (as Von Thünen) that deforestation progresses with advancing settlement, which goes on the road to be built and stops when it is a protected area, in this case, deforestation is mainly related to the distribution of population, the ejido population size and distance to floodplain forests. They found no correlation with distance to roads or the conservation status of the sites considered. The researchers attribute the deforestation in this area to the expansion of grazing areas for livestock, which in turn is driven by programs to support the government's livestock. Additionally, they detected that the sale of ejido plots that PROCEED has facilitated the establishment of a colony of Mennonites, who seek to generate their income from agricultural production and know very little about the Mayan jungles and cultural forms of use.

the case of Maya area, the process of deforestation is much less clear, as in previous years (1984-2000) was an almost imperceptible deforestation -0.0004% and in recent years (2000-2004) there was a slight recovery (0.002%) of the surface trees. Deforested areas corresponded to small areas of corn fields that were established to serve the needs of Mayan families, but once established and did not spread further. As in he case of The Mountain, deforestation is not related to the distance from the road. Statistical analysis showed that in this case, deforestation is related to the number of ejidatarios, the size of the ejidos and distance to floodplain forests. The recovery of the forest, is related to the declaration of permanent forest by the communities.

Among other things, the authors suggest that (1) Deforestation in the Yucatan Peninsula, is driven by agricultural policy and subsidies to the expansion of livestock, (2) The declaration of protected areas by government and implementation of programs such as the Mesoamerican Biological Corridor, have been effective tools to stop deforestation, (3) The Permanent Forest Areas decalaración in the Zona Maya of Quintana Roo, has been effective in halting deforestation; (4) The opportunity to get additional earnings that are available within the territory of the community, has helped people in the Maya area better serve their needs, without pressure on forest areas.

is a remarkable contrast between the mountains in Campeche and La Zona Maya in Quintana Roo, not only in the first case there is a clear and increasing deforestation and the second shows an incipient process of forest recovery, but the Maya area has a considerably higher population density.

The final conclusion of this research is that "The importance of building local institutions, ie formal rules and informal guide the decisions of a group with respect to a common good is fundamental to manage common resources such as forests. Must build social capital, technical, organizational and administrative initiatives that exist. external agencies (governmental and non-government) should pay credence to local staff, creating real mechanisms of governance and effective performance of accounts, which are currently lacking in the Mountain. Although different in many respects to the Mountains, the Maya well I could provide some lessons to the area, particularly with regard to the process of developing effective community forest enterprises. A regional approach to conservation should therefore conceptualize both the political and social dimensions of conservation, addressing issues related to the needs and aspirations of local people, and recognizing the potential roles of different partnerships at different levels. Those are the issues to be considered in light of a framework for developing a more effective and socially just conservation. "


MC Francisco Chapela

Executive Director Rural Studies and Advisory

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Causes of Deforestation - Economic Aspects

analysis of deforestation in the decades of the 1980s and 1990s, placed emphasis on the impact made by processes colonization and urbanization. Following the arguments of Von Thunnen, deforestation is understood largely as the result of the expansion of the area occupied by humans.

However, there are always humans who deforest. In the case of Latin America, was not so much colonization, but the cattle ranching which strongly encouraged deforestation. In 1981, the environmentalist Norman Myers published The hamburger connection: how forests of Central America became the United States burgers. " In aucerod with Myers, the momentum of the U.S. beef market to deforestation was enormous. Mentioned as an example that by 1959 the area devoted to cattle in Costa Rica meant only one eighth of the land surface, while by 1980 it was third. In 1996, David Kaimowitz published a broader review, showing how deforestation in Central America is linked to prices of meat. In a more recent paper, David Kaimowitz, Benoit Mertens, Sven Wunder and Pablo Pacheco, documenting how the meat markets, mainly the European Union, also fueling deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon.

image needy communities of settlers forced to destroy the forest heritage to fight for subsistence, if ever was the one who explained the deforestation, as seems to be no more. Recent work in 41 countries in the humid tropics of Ruth S. DeFries, Thomas Rudel, Maria Uriarte and Matthew Hansen, currently shows that deforestation is a phenomenon that has nothing to do with the growth of human settlements in rural areas, but occurs when forest areas are connected to markets demanding cost-effective products that can be grown on forest land. This is true not only of cattle but of soy or palm oil. A recent report in El Pais, documents the frantic expansion of soybean cultivation in Argentina.

The momentum of certain markets to deforestation is so strong that in DeFries et al study found that no migration from the countryside to the city to help reduce deforestation, but, contrary to what one might think, migration is associated to further deforestation.


References:

Article Myers, N. 1981. The Hamburger Connection: How Central America's Forests
Became North America's Hamburgers. Ambio 10: 3-8. Reimporeso was in the book Developing areas: a book of readings and research , edited by K. Vijayan Pillai, and Lyle W. Shannon.

Kaimowitz, D. Livestock and deforestation in Central America in the 1980s and 1990s : a policy perspective (1996).

Kaimowitz, D, Mertens B, Wunder, S. and Pacheco, P.: Hamburger Connection Fuels Amazon Destruction
; Cattle ranching and deforestation in Brazil's Amazon . Bogor, Indonesia, CIFOR, S / F.

DeFries, R, Rudel, T, Uriarte, M & Hansen, M.: Deforestation Population Growth driven by urban and agricultural trade in the twenty-first century . Nature Geoscience 3, 178-181 (2010) Published online: 7 February 2010 Plant eats it all: cows, people, traditions and rural workers. Argentina reaches this year the largest crop in its history, 52 million tonnes.

MC
Francisco Chapela

Executive Director Rural Studies and Advisory

http://era-mx.org

phone in Mexico City: +52 (55) 8421 8441 phone
Oaxaca City:
+52 (951) 517 7294 skype: f_chapela

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Administration: Issues on the agenda and dates

April 13, 2010 1:21 PM

From:

"Francisco Chapela"

Ladies and :

According to our agenda of discussion should be already cionslusiones reaching the end of this brief discussion on how to stop deforestation Mexico.

However, there are several issues we have not addressed. Among them is the analysis of direct and underlying causes of deforestation and of course what measures should be taken to stop this phenomenon.

For this reason, we have extended a couple of weeks further discussion.

We are therefore aware of your contributions, especially those relating to direct and underlying causes of deforestation and measures can be taken from civil society and from the government to prevent it.

Greetings, MC



Francisco Chapela

Executive Director Rural Studies and Advisory

http://era-mx.org

phone in Mexico City: + 52 (55) 8421 8441 phone
Oaxaca City:
+52 (951) 517 7294 skype: f_chapela

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tenure on forest lands diminishes

While we celebrate, we reverse the history

Cambio de Michoacán, Wednesday April 7, 2010

Jaime Navia Antezana

Previous collaborations have spoken of the social system of property we in Mexico. Especially on the importance of more than 50 percent of the national territory owned by ejidos or indigenous communities, and in these areas is over 80 percent of the forests and jungles of the country. This may be interesting as a figure for the stock, but everything behind is a reflection of history Mexico itself and we can not nor should we lose sight now, when we commemorate the Bicentennial of Independence and the Centennial of the Revolution.
country settings as it is today was not a free process. It comes down simply to the Declaration of Independence 200 years ago, a gift of land reform on the eve of the last century, or possibly concessions of different laws on land has been in Mexico. Mexico is the product of an intense struggle for land to the permanent dispossession has taken place since the colonial era and during the Republic. It is a story tinged with blood. It is a living history that we must understand and address now. Today

ejido lands and communities are being threatened by various forms of institutional charge (de facto power, corruption, impunity, etc.). To the extent that not only violates the law, but has been interpreted and implemented so crafty and surreptitious to bleed differently to social property in a privatization process in the worst expression of neoliberalism. But there is nothing better than examples to explain this threat. Check

for Tarecuato Indian community, then in the public registry of property names and characters that do not correspond to the original owners of that territory. Many communities still have lawsuits pending over land that originally belonged to them. The process of delimitation of land in Santa Ana Zirosto only granted rights over five thousand 750 hectares of more than eight thousand who were claimed as their own. Today, these nearly three thousand hectares are classified as other private property and mostly surrounding the current village. Ejidos in Ario de Rosales as the bar and the House have been completely transformed from forests in avocado orchards (now private property) and to receive government support or Sedru SAGARPA for the development of their crops. In the community of Barrio San Juan Bautista in Uruapan, there are at least two parcels illegally established as orchards on which the Executive and the Judiciary have implemented security cases and "impartial justice" in advance when the award is made illegally. The list of cases is as wide as ejidos and communities there. Some are minor cases, but others such as Plutarco Elias Calles and Tarascon or community and ejido Tingambato, just to mention some, the situation seems irreversible. Textually

Article 59 of Land Law in force in Mexico says: "It will be null and void the allocation of plots in tropical forests or jungles." Later in section 73 expresses this law: ".... The ... common lands are comprised of those lands that have not been specially designated by the assembly for the settlement of the population center, nor are land parcels, and Article 74 that the land of common use is "... inalienable and indefeasible ...".

So how is it possible that cases go to court to determine ownership of common lands that having been forests or jungles were "removed" and placed under cultivation or livestock?

Not being lawyers, we realize that something is not working properly. Not only is it a matter of interpreting law, but how it is used to benefit some and harm others. Surely you've read inscriptions as: "Do not buy problems, common land." When in fact most of these sales are illegal purchase it by Article 59 or 74 above, but also because many of these transactions are guarantee with no byline and assemblies or with forged documents, and so on. Remember that buying stolen is also a crime, because it makes you an accomplice to the thief. In this regard we should also ask where are the officials who are complicit with their actions and decisions are regularizing what is illegal and therefore generate "background" or "formal" enough that eventually can cause serious damage to property of ejidos and communities?

Yet this process of disintegration within these agrarian, assemblies have been weakened and in some cases have lost control not only over territory but over natural resources in place. In parallel this causes a rapid process of environmental degradation also affects all of us to lose the capacity of ecosystems to provide environmental services.

The issue of public ownership of land is much more than a social development issue has to do with national security and the ability to sustain life on earth. It should be a priority for the State to defend and provide what is necessary for the development and puts the Constitution in Article 27, particularly as regards the fractions VII, XIX and XX.

To celebrate the Bicentennial of Independence and Centennial of the Revolution, we must be consistent with ourselves and force the institutions that are in the country and its history. Beyond ideological positions, many ejidos and communities in Mexico have shown that the common government is feasible and in other countries there are examples of successful forms of community government. (If you are interested in investigating the matter further on the work by Dr. Elinor Ostrom, Nobel Laureate in Economics 2010, or participates in http://iasc2011.fes.org.in/)

girando@gira.org.mx